Battery Meter
: Battery meter is a visual indicator of the estimated amount of life remaining in the battery.
Mobile phones usually combine a meter with an audible warning signal, to help the user to avoid dropping calls due to the battery running low before they have the chance to recharge
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Baud
: Also known as: Bd
Baud (Bd) was the traditional unit used to measure signalling speed or modulation rate on a communications channel, and it was first used to measure the speed of telegraph transmissions.
The Baud was named after a French engineer, Jean-Maurice-Emile Baudot, and one Baud is equal to one signal change per second.
Baud is often confused with the bit rate or Bits per Second (bps), and the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. However, Bauds and bits are not always the same thing, as more than one bit may be transferred in one Baud.
Nowadays Bits Per Second (bps) is used instead of Baud, because it is a more accurate measurement of the actual data transfer rate, and the Baud is best avoided
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Baud Rate
: Baud Rate is a measure of the information carrying capacity or signalling rate on a communications channel, and is the maximum number of discrete signal events that can be transmitted per second.
Baud Rate has often been used as a measure of the speed at which computers can transfer data through a modem. However, it is a term that has caused a lot of confusion, and some people have mistakenly used the term interchangeably with Bits per Second (bps). Bauds and bits are not always the same thing, as more than one bit may be transferred in one Baud. Nowadays Bits Per Second (bps) is used instead of Baud, because it is a more accurate measurement of the actual data transfer rate, and the Baud is best avoided
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BCCH
: Also known as: Broadcast Control Channel
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is a downlink GSM Broadcast Channel (BCH).
The BCCH is transmitted by a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) to provide the signalling information required by the MS (Mobile Station) to access and identify the network. The BCCH will include information such as the LAC (Location Area Code).
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BCH
: Also known as: Broadcast Channel
Broadcast Channels (BCH) are downlink channels in a GSM system and are transmitted by the Base Transceiver Station (BTS).
BCH provide signalling information, so that the Mobile Stations (MS) in the cell can locate, synchronise and access the network. Three types of BCH are used: Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Synchronisation Channel (SCH), and Frequency Correction Channel
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BER
: Also known as: Bit Error Ratio, Bit Error Rate
Bit Error Rate or Bit Error Ratio (BER) is a measure of the accuracy of transmission for digital information in a telecommunications system.
The BER is calculated as the number of bits that were in error, as a proportion of the total number of bits transmitted, or received, or processed over a given period of time. This figure can be used to indicate the Quality of Service for a service provider, and is typically of the order of one error bit in a billion (or 1 in 10 to the power minus 9).
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BERT
: Also known as: Bit Error Rate Test
Bit Error Rate Test (BERT) is a device or test used to determine the Bit Error Rate for a particular transmission.
The test is used to discover how many received bits of data were in error, as a ratio of the total number of bits received. The result is usually a very small number, typically one in a billion (or 10 to the power minus 9).
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Binary Digit
: Also known as: Bit
Bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data used in digital information systems, being allocated only a single value of either 0 or 1, i.e. an "off" or an "on" state.
In the data communication field bits are counted using the decimal number system, and so other units of bits are kilobit (1,000 bits), Megabit (1,000,000 bits) and Gigabit (1,000,000,000 bits). The term "Bit" is derived from a combination of b(inary) and (dig)it
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Bits Per Second
: Also known as: bps
Bits per Second (bps) is a commonly used unit of measurement in telecommunications for the rate or speed at which data is transferred. The bps indicates how many binary digits (the number of 0's and 1's) are transmitted or received in a serial form (one bit after another) each second.
In practice larger units are more convenient: one kilobit per second (kbps) is equal to 1,000 bps, one Megabit per second (Mbps) is equal to 1,000,000 bps or 1,000 kbps, one Gigabit per second (Gbps) is equal to 1,000,000,000 bps or 1,000 Mbps.
The bps is also an indication of a signal's bandwidth, and usually the higher the bps the greater is the signal bandwidth (a frequency measured in kHz or MHz).
The old measure of data speed was the Baud or "baud rate", which is the number of times a digital signal changes state each second. For a given digital signal Baud rate is almost always a lower figure than bps, but Baud Rate and bps are often wrongly interchanged
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Busy Transfer
: Busy transfer is a phone feature similar to call divert, except that the call is only re-directed if the receiving phone is engaged |
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Byte
: Also known as: B
Byte (B) is the name given to a group of 8 bits of digital data that are read as a single unit or word. Each byte can represent information that is used in a system, such as a single character from the ASCII code.
The number of bytes is also commonly used as a measure to indicate information capacity, and the storage of data in digital systems is normally quoted in megabytes or gigabytes. In computer systems bytes are always used to refer to the memory and disk space, as computers deal easily with binary numbers (i.e. powers of 2). The size of text and image files is also normally given in bytes (e.g. in kilobytes or megabytes). In contrast, communication systems tend to use bits when referring to data transmission speeds.
Although there are usually eight bits in a byte, longer sequences such as 16 and 32 bits are also possible
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Z-Modem
: Also known as: Zmodem
Z-Modem is an error-correction protocol used in the transfer of serial data files between modems. Z-Modem is a faster successor to Y-Modem and has better error checking capability. Modems using the Z-Modem protocol send data in 512-byte blocks or packets, and the error detection method is cyclic redundancy check (CRC).
Like Y-Modem, Z-Modem has the capability of handling batch transmission (sending a number of files with one command) and variable block sizes of data. Z-Modem is also similar to Y-Modem-G, because it sends data in a continuous stream, and does not require a positive acknowledgement (ACK) for successfully transferred blocks of data. However, if an error is detected in a received block, a negative acknowledgement (NAK) is returned to the sender and the block resent.
Z-Modem differs from the earlier protocols in that it is able to recover after a "crash", i.e. when a transmission is cancelled or for some other reason interrupted, the transmission may be restarted without resending the previously transferred blocks of data
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Y-Modem
: Also known as: Ymodem
Y-Modem is an error-correction protocol used in the transfer of serial data files between modems.
Y-Modem is based on the earlier X-Modem protocol, but has the additional feature of being able to cope with a batch transmission mode, in which a number of files can be sent with one command. For greater efficiency Y-Modem can also handle data with a variable block size of up to a maximum 1024 bytes (1 kB). During transmission, the size of text and binary files is included in the Y-Modem header, so that the exact file length will be retained after transfer. The error detection method in Y-Modem is cyclic redundancy check (CRC).
A later version of Y-Modem, Y-Modem-G, transmits data in a continuous stream and does not acknowledge the blocks successfully received; it is only the blocks with detected errors that cause a negative acknowledgement (NAK), thus prompting the resending of data
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X-Modem
: Also known as: Ymodem Y-Modem is an error-correction protocol used in the transfer of serial data files between modems. Y-Modem is based on the earlier X-Modem protocol, but has the additional feature of being able to cope with a batch transmission mode, in which a number of files can be sent with one command. For greater efficiency Y-Modem can also handle data with a variable block size of up to a maximum 1024 bytes (1 kB). During transmission, the size of text and binary files is included in the Y-Modem header, so that the exact file length will be retained after transfer. The error detection method in Y-Modem is cyclic redundancy check (CRC). A later version of Y-Modem, Y-Modem-G, transmits data in a continuous stream and does not acknowledge the blocks successfully received; it is only the blocks with detected errors that cause a negative acknowledgement (NAK), thus prompting the resending of data |
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XHTML
: XHTML (a merger of XML and HTML) is an updated HTML standard introduced to help tidy up all the developments and additions to original HTML. Over the years, different browsers added features and offered increased functionality, which all had their own proprietary manifestation in HTML. This led to a mish mash of tags and markup that often led to web authors putting in duplicate attributes and code in order to make sure that a page looked the same in different browsers browsers.
XHTML is a unifying standard from the W3C that brings the XML benefits of easy validation and troubleshooting to HTML, which not only helps developers but also makes the pages easier to read for programs such as mobile browsers.
There are three variations of XHTML, the most common of which is Transitional. XHTML Transitional is a stepping stone from the deprecated HTML standardsL, and as such is fairly permissive, allowing many old and proprietary attributes, although Transitional stipulates that all tags must have both opening and a closing markup and be correctly nested. XHTML Strict is a more rigourous standard that removes all the ’chaff’ gathered by HTML not ruled out in Transitional, and is what web authors should strive toward. Finally, XHTML Frameset is similar to XHTML Transitional, but allows for the use of frames.
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W
: Also known as: Watt
Watt (W) is the standard unit for measuring power, and it indicates the rate at which energy - for example electrical or electromagnetic energy - is radiated, absorbed, or dissipated.
One Watt is equivalent to using one Joule of energy per second. The RF and audio power available from a mobile phone will determine its capacity to provide good signal strength, which is necessary in order to maintain satisfactory communications with users on the phone network. There has to be a compromise however, as the higher the power used by the phone, then the greater will be the drain on its battery.
The power can be determined by calculating the product of the voltage and the current (i.e. Watts = Volts x Amps).
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Wallpaper
: Wallpaper is a picture or graphical image that fully covers the display screen of a computer, mobile phone or other equipment with a visual monitor. This 'wallpaper' is used to customise the background environment on the user's screen, and to give the equipment a personalised or corporate appearance.
Wallpaper is available for free download from many websites, although there are also specialist companies that sell designer wallpaper
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WAP Identity Module
: Also known as: WIM
WIM (WAP identity module) is a security module that provides a more secure environment when using WAP related applications and services on a mobile device via a WAP gateway. A WIM allows the user to store certificates and digital signatures
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Watt
: Watt (W) is the standard unit for measuring power, and it indicates the rate at which energy - for example electrical or electromagnetic energy - is radiated, absorbed, or dissipated.
One Watt is equivalent to using one Joule of energy per second. The RF and audio power available from a mobile phone will determine its capacity to provide good signal strength, which is necessary in order to maintain satisfactory communications with users on the phone network. There has to be a compromise however, as the higher the power used by the phone, then the greater will be the drain on its battery.
The power can be determined by calculating the product of the voltage and the current (i.e. Watts = Volts x Amps).
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Wavelength
: Wavelength is the physical distance spanned by one complete cycle or wave of an alternating signal as it travels through space. The term wavelength can be applied to many types of wave, e.g. audio, radio, light, etc, but is generally only applicable to a wave of a single frequency, such as the RF carrier transmitted by a mobile phone.
Wavelength (l), usually measured in metres between the adjacent peaks or troughs of consecutive waves, is related to frequency (f) and propagation velocity (v) by the equation l = v / f. Note that the propagation velocity depends on the type of wave and the material through which it passes: radio waves travel at the speed of light, but audio waves at the speed of sound
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